Intro To The Constitution (Part 29)
Previous article in this series: State Intercessory Power
This entire Constitution series was written as a single big document over the course of several years; so, all the citations are mixed up together. When I went back to break it up into pieces, I wasn’t confident that I could redistribute all the citations & their reference numbers without screwing something up. So, I decided to leave all the citations together, and post them here as the final article in the series.
- Albert Gallatin – Quotes on the Second Amendment
https://www.madisonbrigade.com/a_gallatin.htm - Transcript For: An Examination Into The Leading Principles Of The Federal Constitution
https://classroom.monticello.org/view/72687/ - Thomas Jefferson to William Smith
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/105.html - House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution; 17, 20 Aug. 1789
https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendIIs6.html - Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 1st Congress, 1st Session; Page 778
https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=001/llac001.db&recNum=390 - James Madison’s First Inaugural Address
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/madison1.asp - Political Discourses: By David Hume Esq.
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/004806369.0001.000/142:11 - Library of Congress; Federalist Papers 41 – 50
https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-41-50 - Yale Law School – Lillian Goldman Law Library; Federalist Papers No. 46
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed46.asp - Library of Congress; Federalist Papers 21 – 30
https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-21-30 - Yale Law School – Lillian Goldman Law Library; Federalist Papers No. 28
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed28.asp - Yale Law School – Lillian Goldman Law Library; Federalist Papers No. 29
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed29.asp - University of Wisconsin-Madison – Patrick Henry; Speech in the Virginia Convention (5 June 1788)
https://csac.history.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/281/2017/07/Patrick_Henry_Speech_in_the_Virginia_Convention5.pdf - University of Groningen – Speech of Patrick Henry (June 5, 1788)
http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1786-1800/the-anti-federalist-papers/speech-of-patrick-henry-(june-5-1788).php - Federal Farmer XVIII by Richard Henry Lee
https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/federal-farmer-xviii/ - Elliot’s Debates, Volume 3 page 112
https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lled&fileName=003/lled003.db&recNum=123&itemLink=D?hlaw:2:./temp/~ammem_0Jfy::%230030124&linkText=1 - Elliot’s Debates, Volume 3 page 425
https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lled&fileName=003/lled003.db&recNum=436&itemLink=D?hlaw:1:./temp/~ammem_0Jfy::%230030437&linkText=1 - Tench Coxe; “To The Citizens of the United States”; Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) – Feb. 20, 1788; Page 2
https://www.newspapers.com/image/41021581 - US Constitution – Full Text
https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/full-text - The Debate Over a Bill of Rights; Center for the Study of the American Constitution; University of Wisconsin-Madison
https://csac.history.wisc.edu/document-collections/constitutional-debates/bill-of-rights/ - Elliot’s Debates, Volume 3 page 380
https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lled&fileName=003/lled003.db&recNum=391&itemLink=D?hlaw:1:./temp/~ammem_QPI1::%230030392&linkText=1 - Debate in Virginia Ratifying Convention; University of Chicago
https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_12s27.html - Thomas Paine; “Thoughts on Defensive War”
https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/paine-the-writings-of-thomas-paine-vol-i-1774-1779 - Samuel Adams; Letter to James Warren; Oct. 24, 1780
https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2094/pg2094.html - “well-regulated”; Oxford English Dictionary
https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/227532 - “infringe”; Oxford English Dictionary
https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/95644 - US Declaration of Independence
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript - Constitution Annotated; ArtI.S8.C12.1.1 Power to Raise and Support an Army: Overview
https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI_S8_C12_1_1/ - Militia Act of 1792; Info Page
https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.2180120a/?st=text - Militia Act of 1792; PDF
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbpe/rbpe21/rbpe218/2180120a/2180120a.pdf - Revised Army Regulations; March 1, 1873
https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3025&context=indianserialset - Houston v. Moore (1820)
https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_15s20.html - National Defense Act of 1916; AKA: Militia Act of 1916
[Start of Act]
https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=39&page=166
[Start of Militia Section]
https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=39&page=197
[Federal Oaths]
https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=39&page=201
[Drafting]
https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=39&page=211 - Militia Act of 1862
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/12/STATUTE-12-Pg597.pdf - Militia Act of 1903
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/32/STATUTE-32-Pg775.pdf - Militia Act of 1808 – Page 1
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/2/STATUTE-2-Pg490.pdf - Militia Act of 1808 – Page 2
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/2/STATUTE-2-Pg491.pdf - James Kent, Commentaries 1:244-50 (1826)
https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_15s21.html - Militia Act of 1795; Info Page
https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.22201300/?st=text - Militia Act of 1795; PDF
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbpe/rbpe22/rbpe222/22201300/22201300.pdf - US Inflation Calculator
https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ - CPI Inflation Calculator – U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm - CPI Inflation Calculator
https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation - CPI Table – U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUUR0000SA0 - The Coinage Act of 1792
https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792 - The Coinage Act of 1834
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/coinage-act-1834-1093 - The Coinage Act of 1792 – United States Mint
https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792 - Legislation to Regulate Gold Coins (AKA: Coinage Act of 1834) – United States Mint
https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/legislation-to-regulate-gold-coins - Propositions respecting the coinage of gold, silver, and copper; [includes: NOTES on the Establishment of a MONEY MINT, and of a COINAGE for the UNITED STATES. By Mr. Jefferson.]
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/bdsdcc/13001/13001.pdf - Legislation to Further the Establishment of a Mint
https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/legislation-to-further-establishment-of-a-mint - Historical Gold Prices – Over 200 years of historical annual Gold Prices
https://onlygold.com/gold-prices/historical-gold-prices/ - Closing Annual Gold Prices For Over 200 Years Since 1792
https://coingallery.com/NP/Gold-Prices-200-Years.htm - From George Washington to Jabez Bowen, 9 January 1787
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-04-02-0428 - RECALL OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS By: Mary M. Janicki, Principal Analyst; Old Research Report – Connecticut General Assembly (1998)
https://www.cga.ct.gov/PS98/rpt%5Colr%5Chtm/98-R-1540.htm - “The Consent of the Governed: Recall of United States Senators” by Timothy Zick; William & Mary Law School
https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1874&context=facpubs - The Articles of Confederation (the original binding charter among the United States); The Library of Congress
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbpe/rbpe17/rbpe178/17802600/17802600.pdf - “A republic if you can keep it”: Elizabeth Willing Powel, Benjamin Franklin, and the James McHenry Journal – US Library of Congress
https://blogs.loc.gov/manuscripts/2022/01/a-republic-if-you-can-keep-it-elizabeth-willing-powel-benjamin-franklin-and-the-james-mchenry-journal/ - Presidents of the Continental Congresses and Confederation Congress, 1774–1789; US House of Representatives Archives
https://history.house.gov/People/Continental-Congress/Presidents/ - The Federalist Papers: No. 57
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed57.asp - New York Ratifying Convention. Remarks (Francis Childs’s Version), [24 June 1788]
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-05-02-0012-0023 - Debate in New York Ratifying Convention; Article 1, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2
https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_3_1-2s14.html - Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data; Congressional Research Service
https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R42346.pdf - Things That Are Not In the U.S. Constitution
https://www.usconstitution.net/constnot.html#travel - State of Georgia v. Brailsford (1794); US Supreme Court
https://casetext.com/case/state-of-georgia-v-brailsford - Case of Fries, 9 F. Cas. 826, 3 Dall. 515 (1799); United States Circuit Court for the District of Pennsylvania · Case No. 5,126
*Note: the HTML version of this source has several typos {in & surrounding} the quotes referenced in this article. It appears to be the result of an automated photo-scan, which misinterpreted ink specks on the page, and misread the words. However, the PDF version shows what appears to be the original source document, and thus the correct wording. So, the HTML version is useful for CTRL+F searching, but ultimately, the PDF should be used for authoritative wording.
HTML:
https://cite.case.law/f-cas/9/826/
PDF – [PDF page 85; Source page 910]:
https://cite.case.law/pdf/11653072/Case%20of%20Fries,%209%20F.%20Cas.%20826,%203%20Dall.%20515%20(1799).pdf - Case of Fries, 9 F. Cas. 924 (1800); United States Circuit Court for the District of Pennsylvania
https://cite.case.law/f-cas/9/924/ - Adams’ Diary Notes on the Right of Juries; Legal Papers of John Adams, volume 1
https://www.masshist.org/publications/adams-papers/index.php/view/ADMS-05-01-02-0005-0005-0004 - John Adams diary 16, 10 January 1771 – 28 [i.e. 27] November 1772
https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=D16 - Sparf and Hansen v. United States, 156 U.S. 51 (1895)
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/156/51/ - Convention of Massachusetts, January 23, 1788; Elliot’s Debates: Volume 2
https://teachingamericanhistory.org/resource/elliot/vol2/massachusetts0123/ - Coffin v. Coffin, 4 Mass. 1, 3 Tyng 1 (1808)
https://cite.case.law/mass/4/1/ - Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England; Book the Fourth – Chapter the Twenty-Seventh : Of Trial, And Conviction
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk4ch27.asp - From Benjamin Franklin to Benjamin Vaughan, 14 March 1785; US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-43-02-0335 - Thomas Jefferson to William Charles Jarvis, 28 September 1820; US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-16-02-0234 - Toxicologic Assessment of the Army’s Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests: Answers to Commonly Asked Questions
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233549/ - John Adams diary 16, 10 January 1771 – 28 [i.e. 27] November 1772
Accidental duplicate of Source #68. Left in to avoid messing up source numbers.
https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=D16 - From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 11 July 1789; US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-15-02-0259 - Blakely v. Washington; 542 U.S. 296 (2004) – US Supreme Court
https://casetext.com/case/blakely-v-washington-3 - Federal Farmer XV by Richard Henry Lee (1788)
https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/federal-farmer-xv/ - The Diary of John Adams – 1771. Feby. 12.; US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0001-0002-0002 - From Thomas Jefferson to the Abbé Arnoux, 19 July 1789; US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-15-02-0275 - United States v. Edwards; US Supreme Court
https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-edwards-406 - Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803); US Supreme Court
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/5/137/ - Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); US Supreme Court
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/384/436/ - Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425 (1886); US Supreme Court
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/118/425/ - United States v. Dougherty, 473 F.2d 1113 (D.C. Cir. 1972)
https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/473/1113/226019/ - Religion and the Founding of the American Republic – America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century, Part 2; US Library of Congress
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html - Laws against dissent; Queen Mary University of London
https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sed/religionandliterature/dissenting-academies/historical-information/legislation/ - English translation of Magna Carta; The British Library
https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-english-translation - “Jurors v. Judges in Later Stuart England: The Penn/Mead Trial and Bushell’s Case” (1986) by John A. Phillips and Thomas C. Thompson; Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality; University of Minnesota Law School
https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1325&context=lawineq
https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol4/iss1/15/- a. Text Page 210 [Page 23 of PDF] – Citation 105; citing several other sources, this note expounds on the jury’s denial of food & heat to hung juries in their overnight imprisonment.
- b. Text Page 214 [Page 27 of PDF]
- c. Text Page 192 [Page 5 of PDF]
- THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN; Élysée – The Official Website of the President of France
https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-presidency/the-declaration-of-the-rights-of-man-and-of-the-citizen - Lafayette’s Draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – American Battlefield Trust
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/primary-sources/lafayettes-draft-declaration-rights-man-and-citizen - The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen; British Library
https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-declaration-of-the-rights-of-man-and-of-the-citizen - Declaration of the Rights of Man – 1789; The Avalon Project – Yale Law School
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp - United States v. Moylan (1969); United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit
https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-moylan - Handbook For Trial Jurors Serving In The United States District Courts; uscourts.gov
https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/trial-handbook.pdf - “A History of Double Jeopardy” by Jay A. Sigler
https://www.jstor.org/stable/844041 - Directed verdict – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/directed_verdict - Judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/judgment_notwithstanding_the_verdict_(jnov) - Rule 50. Judgment as a Matter of Law in a Jury Trial; Related Motion for a New Trial; Conditional Ruling – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_50 - Rule 29. Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcrmp/rule_29 - Electoral College – usa.gov
https://www.usa.gov/electoral-college - 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators – US National Archives
https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/17th-amendment - English Bill of Rights 1689 – Yale Law School
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/england.asp - Separate sovereigns doctrine – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/separate_sovereigns_doctrine - Article I. Legislative Department – The Militia Clauses – JUSTIA
https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-1/58-the-militia-clauses.html - James Madison, Federalist Papers, Number 41
https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_12s22.html - Madison Debates; June 29, 1787
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_629.asp - ArtI.S8.C16.1 Congress’s Power to Organize Militias – Constitution Annotated – Congress.gov
https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C16-1/ALDE_00013673/ - Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334, 345–47 (1990)
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep496/usrep496334/usrep496334.pdf - ‘You Couldn’t Buy A Cannon’: Biden Says 2nd Amendment Isn’t Absolute, Doesn’t Cover Assault Weapons – The Hill
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Az0Jk8cko4 - “Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution” by Tench Coxe under the pseudonym “A Pennsylvanian”; as reprinted in the Massachusetts Centinel
https://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/658459 - Tench Coxe – Founding Fathers – The James Madison Research Library and Information Center
https://www.madisonbrigade.com/t_coxe.htm - Henry David Thoreau – Resistance to Civil Government, or Civil Disobedience (1849)
https://archive.vcu.edu/english/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/thoreau/civil/ - North Carolina State Constitution (1776) – Yale Law School Library
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nc07.asp - Vermont State Constitution (1777) – Vermont State Archives & Records Administration
https://sos.vermont.gov/vsara/learn/constitution/1777-constitution/ - Virginia State Constitution (1776) – Encyclopedia Virginia – Virginia Humanities
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/the-constitution-of-virginia-1776/ - Maryland State Constitution (1776) – Yale Law School Library
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ma02.asp - Pennsylvania State Constitution (1776) – Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission
http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/documents/1776-1865/pennsylvania-constitution-1776.html - Georgia State Constitution (1777) – Yale Law School Library
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ga02.asp - New York State Constitution (1777) – Yale Law School Library
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ny01.asp - South Carolina State Constitution (1778) – Yale Law School Library
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/sc02.asp - Delaware State Constitution (1776) – Yale Law School Library
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/de02.asp - New Jersey State Constitution (1776) – New Jersey Department of State
https://www.state.nj.us/state/archives/docconst76.html - What We Got in the Constitution of 1818 – Connecticut Explored – Central Connecticut State University
https://www.ctexplored.org/what-we-got-in-the-constitution-of-1818/ - Connecticut State Constitution (1818) – Connecticut General Assembly
https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/content/constitutions/1818_Constitution.pdf - Massachusetts State Constitution (1780) – National Humanities Institute
http://www.nhinet.org/ccs/docs/ma-1780.htm - [Rhode Island] Constitutions – Phillips Memorial Library – Providence College
https://library.providence.edu/dorr/constitutions/ - Constitution of the State of Rhode Island – Library of Congress
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/constitutionof00rh/constitutionof00rh.pdf - Ribauldequin – Academic Accelerator Encyclopedia
https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/ribauldequin - A 17th Century Organ Gun of Lviv – Ultima Ratio Project
https://ultimaproject.org/2020/07/09/a-17th-century-organ-gun-from-lviv/ - The Ribauldequin: medieval machine gun considered as the predecessor of the 19-th century mitrailleuse – The Vintage News
https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/12/06/the-ribauldequin-medieval-machine-gun-considered-as-the-predecessor-of-the-19-th-century-mitrailleuse/ - Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Correspondence_between_John_Belton_and_the_Continental_Congress - Journals Of The Continental Congress 1774-1789 Vol 7 Jan. 1 – May 21 1777
https://archive.org/details/journals-of-the-continental-congress-1774-1789-vol-7-jan-1-may-21-1777
[Page 324] May 3, 1777
https://archive.org/details/journals-of-the-continental-congress-1774-1789-vol-7-jan-1-may-21-1777/page/324/mode/2up
[Page 360] May 15, 1777
https://archive.org/details/journals-of-the-continental-congress-1774-1789-vol-7-jan-1-may-21-1777/page/360/mode/2up - Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789 Volume 8
https://archive.org/details/journalscontine09statgoog
[Page 542] July 10, 1777
https://archive.org/details/journalscontine09statgoog/page/n178/mode/2up
[Page 566] July 19, 1777
https://archive.org/details/journalscontine09statgoog/page/n202/mode/2up - Benjamin Franklin to George Washington – Letters of Delegates to Congress: Volume 4 May 16, 1776 – August 15, 1776
https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(dg004423)) - Belton Repeating Flintlock Fusil – National Museum of American History
https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_440031 - Beautiful 1625 Breechloading Wheellock – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beOgmCxeh7A - Ferguson Rifle – Museum of the American Revolution
https://www.amrevmuseum.org/collection/ferguson-rifle - The Ferguson Rifle – Kings Mountain National Military Park – US National Park Service
https://web.archive.org/web/20070312001515/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/22/hh22m.htm - Durs Egg Ferguson – The Rifle That Didn’t Shoot George Washington – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlD5SFR_qq0 - Seven barrels better than one? The Nock volley gun with firearms expert Jonathan Ferguson. – Royal Armouries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qnuu0nMFVA - The 7-Barrel Nock Volley Gun – Rock Island Auction Company
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7zs5RyD4I8 - Nock’s Volley Gun: Clearing the Decks in the 1700s – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbDhwdjL0jo - The Nock Volley Gun – NRA Shooting Illustrated
https://www.shootingillustrated.com/content/the-nock-volley-gun/ - Ferguson Breechloading Flintlock – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ODhQmE2OqY - The Puckle Gun or Defense Gun – Historic UK
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Puckle-or-Defense-Gun/ - The “Puckle” Gun – Institute of Military Technology
https://www.instmiltech.com/the-puckle-gun/ - The Puckle Gun: Repeating Firepower in 1718 – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPC7KiYDshw - Chambers Flintlock Machine Gun from the 1700s – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCuVMx5h1x0 - THE PROMISE OF AMERICAN REPEATING WEAPONS, 1791-1821 – Age of Revolutions; An Open-Access, Peer-Reviewed Journal
https://ageofrevolutions.com/2016/10/20/the-promise-of-american-repeating-weapons-1791-1821/ - Flintlock Repeating Musket – 1786 | Our Collection – Royal Armouries Museum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wOmUM40G2U - Kalthoff Repeater – Academic Accelerator Encyclopedia
https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/kalthoff-repeater - Kalthoff System – Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Kalthoff-system - [Mechanism Animations] Kalthoff repeater – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalthoff_repeater#Mechanics_and_Operation - [German National Museum] Revolvergewehr mit Luntenschloss; Drehling – GERMANISCHES NATIONALMUSEUM
https://objektkatalog.gnm.de/wisski/navigate/71896/view - Indian 4-Shot Repeating Matchlock Toradar – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNp7UkFJaVQ - One of the Earliest Six-shot Revolvers | Our Collection – Royal Armouries Museum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFaIEXsXHAk - Repeating Flintlock Pistol – Gunsmith Michele Lorenzoni – The Met Museum
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/788263 - London-Made Lorenzonis Repeating Flintlocks – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyBPaXbp7Qg - Wilson’s Lorenzoni Repeating Flintlock Musket – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neQmNuaysCo - NFM Treasure Gun – Girandoni Air Rifle as Used by Lewis and Clark – NRA National Firearms Museum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pqFyKh-rUI - Girardoni Air Gun (original 1780 example) – Forgotten Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dZLeEUE940 - The Girandoni Air Rifle: The Lewis and Clark Expedition’s Secret Weapon – Warfare History Network
https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/lewis-and-clarks-girandoni-air-rifle/ - The Girandoni Air Rifle – Defense Media Network
https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/the-girandoni-air-rifle/ - History of the Girandoni Air Rifle – Airgun Depot
https://www.airgundepot.com/vault/articles/girandoni-air-rifle/ - Small Arms of the Revolution – American Battlefield Trust
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/small-arms-revolution - Assessing Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) – US National Academies of Sciences Engineering & Medicine
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21846/assessing-health-outcomes-among-veterans-of-project-shad-shipboard-hazard-and-defense
[Appendix C]
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/21846/chapter/12#128 - HEALTH EFFECTS OF PROJECT SHAD BIOLOGICAL AGENT: BACILLUS GLOBIGII – US National Academies
https://web.archive.org/web/20170607064346/http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2007/Long-Term-Health-Effects-of-Participation-in-Project-SHAD-Shipboard-Hazard-and-Defense/BACILLUSGLOBIGII.pdf - Nuremberg Code – University of North Carolina Research
https://research.unc.edu/human-research-ethics/resources/ccm3_019064/ - Tonkin Gulf Intelligence “Skewed” According to Official History and Intercepts – The National Security Archive – George Washington University
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/press20051201.htm - Gulf of Tonkin – Central Security Service – US National Security Agency
https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/Gulf-of-Tonkin/ - The Secret Downing Street Memo – The National Security Archive – George Washington University
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB328/II-Doc14.pdf - [Operation Northwoods Documents]
Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense – Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba – The National Security Archive – George Washington University
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/news/20010430/northwoods.pdf - SYND 7 9 75 CIA DIRECTOR WILLIAM COLBY BEFORE SENATE COMMITTEE – AP Archive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fomOeIhEWDg - COLBY DESCRIBES C.I.A. POISON WORK [1975] – New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/17/archives/colby-describes-cia-poison-work-he-tells-senate-panel-of-secret.html - The CIA’s Secret Heart Attack Gun – Military.com
https://www.military.com/video/guns/pistols/cias-secret-heart-attack-gun/2555371072001 - The Syphilis Study at Tuskegee Timeline – US CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]
https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm - Biden says ‘you couldn’t buy cannons’ under Second Amendment in swipe at guns after Texas school massacre – The Seattle Times
https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/biden-says-you-couldnt-buy-cannons-under-second-amendment-in-swipe-at-guns-after-texas-school-massacre/ - Joe Biden recycles false claim that the Second Amendment limited gun ownership – Politifact
https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/apr/12/joe-biden/joe-biden-recycles-false-claim-second-amendment-li/ - Biden’s false claim that the 2nd Amendment bans cannon ownership – The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/28/bidens-false-claim-that-2nd-amendment-bans-cannon-ownership/ - Case in Point podcast: U.S. Gun Laws and the Second Amendment – University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v0dAuUDydA - Gilens, M., & Page, B. (2014). Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 12(3), 564-581. doi:10.1017/S1537592714001595
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B#fig1 - MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE: THE REAL STORY OF A CORRUPTED MILITARY EXERCISE AND ITS LEGACY – War On The Rocks
https://warontherocks.com/2015/11/millennium-challenge-the-real-story-of-a-corrupted-military-exercise-and-its-legacy/ - The U.S. Lost a (Fictional) War With Iran 18 Years Ago – Popular Mechanics
https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a30392654/millennium-challenge-qassem-soleimani/ - That time a Marine general led a fictional Iran against the US military – and won – We Are The Mighty
https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-trending/that-time-a-marine-general-led-a-fictional-iran-against-the-us-military-and-won/ - Remembering Pearl Harbor – A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet; United States Census Bureau
https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf - Private Cannon Ownership in Early America – American Institute for Economic Research
https://www.aier.org/article/private-cannon-ownership-in-early-america/ - FY 2022 Summary – Department of Defense (DOD)
https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-defense?fy=2022- a. $833.61 Billion is derived from adding up the Army ($283.09B), AirForce ($277.55B), & “Navy, Marine Corps” ($272.97B), values from the Status of Funds bar graph.
- U.S. DEFENSE SPENDING COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES – Peter G. Peterson Foundation
https://www.pgpf.org/chart-archive/0053_defense-comparison - RUSSIA’S MILITARY EXPENDITURE DURING ITS WAR AGAINST UKRAINE – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/sipriinsight_2306_07_russias_military_expenditure_during_its_war_against_ukraine_230627.pdf - Russian Rouble to US Dollar Spot Exchange Rates for 2022
https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/RUB-USD-spot-exchange-rates-history-2022.html - 2020 Census – United States Census Bureau
https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=010XX00US&d=DEC%20Demographic%20Profile - Defense Department Report Shows Decline in Armed Forces Population While Percentage of Military Women Rises Slightly
https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3580676/defense-department-report-shows-decline-in-armed-forces-population-while-percen/ - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) – US CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pfas/default.html - How Long it Might Take for PFOA Blood Levels to Decline – US CDC
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/hoosick/docs/qandabloodtestingshort.pdf - PFAS in the U.S. Population – US CDC
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects/us-population.html - What are the health effects of PFAS? – CDC
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects/index.html - What are the health effects of PFAS? – How can I be exposed? – CDC
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects/exposure.html - Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000 – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2072821/ - PFAS: What You Need to Know – University of Rochester Medical Center
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/pfas-what-you-need-to-know - Legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the U.S. general population: Paired serum-urine data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7879379/ - Serum Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma – NIH
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32944748/ - Doctors should test levels of PFAS in people at high risk, report says – CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/28/health/pfas-testing-guidelines-wellness/index.html - Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More? – NIH
https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP10359 - Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Paired Maternal Plasma and Human Milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort – American Chemical Society
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c05555 - Fluoride Exposure from Infant Formula and Child IQ in a Canadian Birth Cohort – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913880/ - Effect of fluoridated water on intelligence in 10-12-year-old school children – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285601/ - Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Intelligence Quotient of 12–14-Year-Old Children in Mathura District: A Cross-Sectional Study – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5629853/ - [Response To] Study Incapable Of Detecting IQ Loss From Fluoride – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4815566/ - Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491930/ - Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6–12 Years of Age in Mexico – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915186/ - Effect of fluoride exposure on the intelligence of school children in Madhya Pradesh, India – NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3409983/ - Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water – NIH
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18038039/ - Association between water fluoride and the level of children’s intelligence: a dose-response meta-analysis – NIH
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29220711/ - The UK constitution – The Constitution Society
https://consoc.org.uk/the-constitution-explained/the-uk-constitution/ - Mosin “Rapid Fire” – RuthlessZabusa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV9zB0V3p5k - How a Kar98k Works – Matt Rittman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igNcDEEl5to - How an AR-15 Works – Matt Rittman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omv85cLfmxU - Militia Act of 1908
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/35/STATUTE-35-Pg399.pdf - Selective Service Act of 1917 [original full text]
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/40/STATUTE-40-Pg76.pdf - Selective Service Act of 1917 [with subsequent alterations]
There are more recent versions, but at the time of writing, the government website is broken, and this is the most recent version which successfully displays. There is a dropdown menu at the top of the page, where you can select more recent versions when they fix the site.
https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?hl=false&edition=2014&req=granuleid%3AUSC-2013-title50a-node62&num=0 - World War I Draft: Topics in Chronicling America – US Library of Congress
https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-wwi-draft - ArtI.S8.C12.3 Conscription – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-8/clause-12/conscription - National Guard Act of 1933; June 15, 1933, ch. 87, 48 Stat. 153 – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/topn/national_guard_act_of_1933 - National Guard Act of 1933; June 15, 1933, ch. 87, 48 Stat. 153 [Original Full Text]
https://uslaw.link/citation/stat/48/153
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/48/STATUTE-48-Pg153.pdf - Selective Service Act of 1940
https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/54/STATUTE-54-Pg885a.pdf - Selective Service Act of 1948
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/act-1948/act-1948.pdf - The Federalist No. 62, [27 February 1788] – US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-04-02-0212 - The Electoral College – US Election Assistance Commission
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-Y3_EL2_5-PURL-gpo77477/pdf/GOVPUB-Y3_EL2_5-PURL-gpo77477.pdf - Separate Sovereigns Doctrine – Cornell Law School
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/separate_sovereigns_doctrine - Double Jeopardy, Dual Sovereignty, and Enforcement of Tribal Laws
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10763 - Letter From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 January 1787 – US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-11-02-0095 - Federalist No. 78 – Library of Congress
https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-71-80#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493470 - Letter From Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 22 February 1787
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-07-02-0187 - From John Adams to Massachusetts Militia, 11 October 1798 – US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-3102 - Policing for Profit – The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture; Institute for Justice
https://ij.org/report/policing-for-profit-3/ - Civil Asset Forfeiture and its Impact on Communities of Color in Georgia; A Report of the Georgia Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
https://www.usccr.gov/files/2022-11/2022_civil-asset-forfeiture-in-ga_report.pdf - Elective Affinities (1809) by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
[German Title]
Die Wahlverwandtschaften
[Chapter 5]
Fünftes Kapitel
[Section Heading]
Aus Ottiliens Tagebuche
[Original Quote in German]
“Niemand ist mehr Sklave, als der sich für frei hält, ohne es zu sein.”
https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2403/pg2403-images.html#chap23
[Direct Translation]
“No one is more a slave than he who thinks he is free without being so.”
[Page 148] https://archive.org/details/goethe-elective-affinities-peng/page/148/mode/2up?q=slave - From Thomas Jefferson to Gideon Granger, 13 August 1800 – US National Archives
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-32-02-0061 - Electoral College History – US National Archives
https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/history - GovInfo – About
https://www.govinfo.gov/about - “The transitional period, 1788-1789, in the government of the United States” by Frank Fletcher Stephens
https://archive.org/details/peri00steptransitionalrich/page/82/mode/2up - Search Form for State Electoral College Votes (1789+); A New Nation Votes – American Election Returns 1787 – 1825
https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/?utf8=%E2%9C%93&f%5Boffice_id_ssim%5D%5B%5D=ON056&search_field=all_fields&range%5Bpub_date_facet_isim%5D%5Bbegin%5D=1789&range%5Bpub_date_facet_isim%5D%5Bend%5D=1825&commit=Apply - Delaware 1789 Electoral College Votes by County; A New Nation Votes – American Election Returns 1787 – 1825
https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/9306sz94c - Maryland 1789 Electoral College Votes by County; A New Nation Votes – American Election Returns 1787 – 1825
https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/n296x086s - Pennsylvania 1789 Electoral College Votes by County; A New Nation Votes – American Election Returns 1787 – 1825
https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/0z708w436 - Virginia 1789 Electoral College Votes by County; A New Nation Votes – American Election Returns 1787 – 1825
https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/st74cr315
